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EDIT :: backbone.js

// Backbone.js 1.6.0 // (c) 2010-2024 Jeremy Ashkenas and DocumentCloud // Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license. // For all details and documentation: // http://backbonejs.org (function(factory) { // Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server. // We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support. var root = typeof self == 'object' && self.self === self && self || typeof global == 'object' && global.global === global && global; // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD. if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) { define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) { // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with // others that may still expect a global Backbone. root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $); }); // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module. } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') { var _ = require('underscore'), $; try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch (e) {} factory(root, exports, _, $); // Finally, as a browser global. } else { root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$); } })(function(root, Backbone, _, $) { // Initial Setup // ------------- // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used. var previousBackbone = root.Backbone; // Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later. var slice = Array.prototype.slice; // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`. Backbone.VERSION = '1.6.0'; // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns // the `$` variable. Backbone.$ = $; // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object. Backbone.noConflict = function() { root.Backbone = previousBackbone; return this; }; // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header. Backbone.emulateHTTP = false; // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct // `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a // form param named `model`. Backbone.emulateJSON = false; // Backbone.Events // --------------- // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with // a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or // remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in // succession. // // var object = {}; // _.extend(object, Backbone.Events); // object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); }); // object.trigger('expand'); // var Events = Backbone.Events = {}; // Regular expression used to split event strings. var eventSplitter = /\s+/; // A private global variable to share between listeners and listenees. var _listening; // Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple // space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event // maps `{event: callback}`). var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) { var i = 0, names; if (name && typeof name === 'object') { // Handle event maps. if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback; for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) { events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts); } } else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) { // Handle space-separated event names by delegating them individually. for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) { events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts); } } else { // Finally, standard events. events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts); } return events; }; // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind // the callback to all events fired. Events.on = function(name, callback, context) { this._events = eventsApi(onApi, this._events || {}, name, callback, { context: context, ctx: this, listening: _listening }); if (_listening) { var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {}); listeners[_listening.id] = _listening; // Allow the listening to use a counter, instead of tracking // callbacks for library interop _listening.interop = false; } return this; }; // Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to // an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to // for easier unbinding later. Events.listenTo = function(obj, name, callback) { if (!obj) return this; var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l')); var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {}); var listening = _listening = listeningTo[id]; // This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet. // Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks. if (!listening) { this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l')); listening = _listening = listeningTo[id] = new Listening(this, obj); } // Bind callbacks on obj. var error = tryCatchOn(obj, name, callback, this); _listening = void 0; if (error) throw error; // If the target obj is not Backbone.Events, track events manually. if (listening.interop) listening.on(name, callback); return this; }; // The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object. var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) { if (callback) { var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []); var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening; if (listening) listening.count++; handlers.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening}); } return events; }; // An try-catch guarded #on function, to prevent poisoning the global // `_listening` variable. var tryCatchOn = function(obj, name, callback, context) { try { obj.on(name, callback, context); } catch (e) { return e; } }; // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound // callbacks for all events. Events.off = function(name, callback, context) { if (!this._events) return this; this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, { context: context, listeners: this._listeners }); return this; }; // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or // to every object it's currently listening to. Events.stopListening = function(obj, name, callback) { var listeningTo = this._listeningTo; if (!listeningTo) return this; var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo); for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) { var listening = listeningTo[ids[i]]; // If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently // listening to obj. Break out early. if (!listening) break; listening.obj.off(name, callback, this); if (listening.interop) listening.off(name, callback); } if (_.isEmpty(listeningTo)) this._listeningTo = void 0; return this; }; // The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object. var offApi = function(events, name, callback, options) { if (!events) return; var context = options.context, listeners = options.listeners; var i = 0, names; // Delete all event listeners and "drop" events. if (!name && !context && !callback) { for (names = _.keys(listeners); i < names.length; i++) { listeners[names[i]].cleanup(); } return; } names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events); for (; i < names.length; i++) { name = names[i]; var handlers = events[name]; // Bail out if there are no events stored. if (!handlers) break; // Find any remaining events. var remaining = []; for (var j = 0; j < handlers.length; j++) { var handler = handlers[j]; if ( callback && callback !== handler.callback && callback !== handler.callback._callback || context && context !== handler.context ) { remaining.push(handler); } else { var listening = handler.listening; if (listening) listening.off(name, callback); } } // Replace events if there are any remaining. Otherwise, clean up. if (remaining.length) { events[name] = remaining; } else { delete events[name]; } } return events; }; // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time // the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events // are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire // once for each event, not once for a combination of all events. Events.once = function(name, callback, context) { // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object. var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, this.off.bind(this)); if (typeof name === 'string' && context == null) callback = void 0; return this.on(events, callback, context); }; // Inversion-of-control versions of `once`. Events.listenToOnce = function(obj, name, callback) { // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object. var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, this.stopListening.bind(this, obj)); return this.listenTo(obj, events); }; // Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`. // `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called. var onceMap = function(map, name, callback, offer) { if (callback) { var once = map[name] = _.once(function() { offer(name, once); callback.apply(this, arguments); }); once._callback = callback; } return map; }; // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to // receive the true name of the event as the first argument). Events.trigger = function(name) { if (!this._events) return this; var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1); var args = Array(length); for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1]; eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args); return this; }; // Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks. var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, callback, args) { if (objEvents) { var events = objEvents[name]; var allEvents = objEvents.all; if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice(); if (events) triggerEvents(events, args); if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args)); } return objEvents; }; // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal // Backbone events have 3 arguments). var triggerEvents = function(events, args) { var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2]; switch (args.length) { case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return; case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return; case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return; case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return; default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return; } }; // A listening class that tracks and cleans up memory bindings // when all callbacks have been offed. var Listening = function(listener, obj) { this.id = listener._listenId; this.listener = listener; this.obj = obj; this.interop = true; this.count = 0; this._events = void 0; }; Listening.prototype.on = Events.on; // Offs a callback (or several). // Uses an optimized counter if the listenee uses Backbone.Events. // Otherwise, falls back to manual tracking to support events // library interop. Listening.prototype.off = function(name, callback) { var cleanup; if (this.interop) { this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, { context: void 0, listeners: void 0 }); cleanup = !this._events; } else { this.count--; cleanup = this.count === 0; } if (cleanup) this.cleanup(); }; // Cleans up memory bindings between the listener and the listenee. Listening.prototype.cleanup = function() { delete this.listener._listeningTo[this.obj._listenId]; if (!this.interop) delete this.obj._listeners[this.id]; }; // Aliases for backwards compatibility. Events.bind = Events.on; Events.unbind = Events.off; // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place. _.extend(Backbone, Events); // Backbone.Model // -------------- // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework -- // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server. // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for // performing computations and transformations on that data. // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`) // is automatically generated and assigned for you. var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) { var attrs = attributes || {}; options || (options = {}); this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments); this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix); this.attributes = {}; if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection; if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {}; var defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults'); // Just _.defaults would work fine, but the additional _.extends // is in there for historical reasons. See #3843. attrs = _.defaults(_.extend({}, defaults, attrs), defaults); this.set(attrs, options); this.changed = {}; this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); }; // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype. _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, { // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ. changed: null, // The value returned during the last failed validation. validationError: null, // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`. idAttribute: 'id', // The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally. // You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids. cidPrefix: 'c', // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function // or object. preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Model. preinitialize: function(){}, // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own // initialization logic. initialize: function(){}, // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object. toJSON: function(options) { return _.clone(this.attributes); }, // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model. sync: function() { return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments); }, // Get the value of an attribute. get: function(attr) { return this.attributes[attr]; }, // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute. escape: function(attr) { return _.escape(this.get(attr)); }, // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null // or undefined. has: function(attr) { return this.get(attr) != null; }, // Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method. matches: function(attrs) { return !!_.iteratee(attrs, this)(this.attributes); }, // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast. set: function(key, val, options) { if (key == null) return this; // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments. var attrs; if (typeof key === 'object') { attrs = key; options = val; } else { (attrs = {})[key] = val; } options || (options = {}); // Run validation. if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false; // Extract attributes and options. var unset = options.unset; var silent = options.silent; var changes = []; var changing = this._changing; this._changing = true; if (!changing) { this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes); this.changed = {}; } var current = this.attributes; var changed = this.changed; var prev = this._previousAttributes; // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value. for (var attr in attrs) { val = attrs[attr]; if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr); if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) { changed[attr] = val; } else { delete changed[attr]; } unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val; } // Update the `id`. if (this.idAttribute in attrs) { var prevId = this.id; this.id = this.get(this.idAttribute); this.trigger('changeId', this, prevId, options); } // Trigger all relevant attribute changes. if (!silent) { if (changes.length) this._pending = options; for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) { this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options); } } // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can // be recursively nested within `"change"` events. if (changing) return this; if (!silent) { while (this._pending) { options = this._pending; this._pending = false; this.trigger('change', this, options); } } this._pending = false; this._changing = false; return this; }, // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop // if the attribute doesn't exist. unset: function(attr, options) { return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true})); }, // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`. clear: function(options) { var attrs = {}; for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0; return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true})); }, // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event. // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed. hasChanged: function(attr) { if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed); return _.has(this.changed, attr); }, // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined. // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model, // determining if there *would be* a change. changedAttributes: function(diff) { if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false; var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes; var changed = {}; var hasChanged; for (var attr in diff) { var val = diff[attr]; if (_.isEqual(old[attr], val)) continue; changed[attr] = val; hasChanged = true; } return hasChanged ? changed : false; }, // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last // `"change"` event was fired. previous: function(attr) { if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null; return this._previousAttributes[attr]; }, // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous // `"change"` event. previousAttributes: function() { return _.clone(this._previousAttributes); }, // Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's // local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event. fetch: function(options) { options = _.extend({parse: true}, options); var model = this; var success = options.success; options.success = function(resp) { var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp; if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false; if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options); model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options); }; wrapError(this, options); return this.sync('read', this, options); }, // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server. // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's // state will be `set` again. save: function(key, val, options) { // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments. var attrs; if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') { attrs = key; options = val; } else { (attrs = {})[key] = val; } options = _.extend({validate: true, parse: true}, options); var wait = options.wait; // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set. if (attrs && !wait) { if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false; } else if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) { return false; } // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally) // updated with the server-side state. var model = this; var success = options.success; var attributes = this.attributes; options.success = function(resp) { // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves. model.attributes = attributes; var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp; if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend({}, attrs, serverAttrs); if (serverAttrs && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false; if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options); model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options); }; wrapError(this, options); // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}` to properly find new ids. if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs); var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update'; if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs; var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options); // Restore attributes. this.attributes = attributes; return xhr; }, // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted. // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one. // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal. destroy: function(options) { options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; var model = this; var success = options.success; var wait = options.wait; var destroy = function() { model.stopListening(); model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options); }; options.success = function(resp) { if (wait) destroy(); if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options); if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options); }; var xhr = false; if (this.isNew()) { _.defer(options.success); } else { wrapError(this, options); xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options); } if (!wait) destroy(); return xhr; }, // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint // that will be called. url: function() { var base = _.result(this, 'urlRoot') || _.result(this.collection, 'url') || urlError(); if (this.isNew()) return base; var id = this.get(this.idAttribute); return base.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') + encodeURIComponent(id); }, // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along. parse: function(resp, options) { return resp; }, // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one. clone: function() { return new this.constructor(this.attributes); }, // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id. isNew: function() { return !this.has(this.idAttribute); }, // Check if the model is currently in a valid state. isValid: function(options) { return this._validate({}, _.extend({}, options, {validate: true})); }, // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes, // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event. _validate: function(attrs, options) { if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true; attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs); var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null; if (!error) return true; this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error})); return false; } }); // Backbone.Collection // ------------------- // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is // more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`. // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`. // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed. var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) { options || (options = {}); this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments); if (options.model) this.model = options.model; if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator; this._reset(); this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options)); }; // Default options for `Collection#set`. var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true}; var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false}; // Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`. var splice = function(array, insert, at) { at = Math.min(Math.max(at, 0), array.length); var tail = Array(array.length - at); var length = insert.length; var i; for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) tail[i] = array[i + at]; for (i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i + at] = insert[i]; for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) array[i + length + at] = tail[i]; }; // Define the Collection's inheritable methods. _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, { // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**. // This should be overridden in most cases. model: Model, // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function // or object. preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Collection. preinitialize: function(){}, // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own // initialization logic. initialize: function(){}, // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the // models' attributes. toJSON: function(options) { return this.map(function(model) { return model.toJSON(options); }); }, // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default. sync: function() { return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments); }, // Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone // Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any // combination of the two. add: function(models, options) { return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions)); }, // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. remove: function(models, options) { options = _.extend({}, options); var singular = !_.isArray(models); models = singular ? [models] : models.slice(); var removed = this._removeModels(models, options); if (!options.silent && removed.length) { options.changes = {added: [], merged: [], removed: removed}; this.trigger('update', this, options); } return singular ? removed[0] : removed; }, // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones, // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**, // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection. set: function(models, options) { if (models == null) return; options = _.extend({}, setOptions, options); if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) { models = this.parse(models, options) || []; } var singular = !_.isArray(models); models = singular ? [models] : models.slice(); var at = options.at; if (at != null) at = +at; if (at > this.length) at = this.length; if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1; var set = []; var toAdd = []; var toMerge = []; var toRemove = []; var modelMap = {}; var add = options.add; var merge = options.merge; var remove = options.remove; var sort = false; var sortable = this.comparator && at == null && options.sort !== false; var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null; // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models // from being added. var model, i; for (i = 0; i < models.length; i++) { model = models[i]; // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and // optionally merge it into the existing model. var existing = this.get(model); if (existing) { if (merge && model !== existing) { var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model; if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options); existing.set(attrs, options); toMerge.push(existing); if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr); } if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) { modelMap[existing.cid] = true; set.push(existing); } models[i] = existing; // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list. } else if (add) { model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options); if (model) { toAdd.push(model); this._addReference(model, options); modelMap[model.cid] = true; set.push(model); } } } // Remove stale models. if (remove) { for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) { model = this.models[i]; if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model); } if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options); } // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models. var orderChanged = false; var replace = !sortable && add && remove; if (set.length && replace) { orderChanged = this.length !== set.length || _.some(this.models, function(m, index) { return m !== set[index]; }); this.models.length = 0; splice(this.models, set, 0); this.length = this.models.length; } else if (toAdd.length) { if (sortable) sort = true; splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at); this.length = this.models.length; } // Silently sort the collection if appropriate. if (sort) this.sort({silent: true}); // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort/update events. if (!options.silent) { for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) { if (at != null) options.index = at + i; model = toAdd[i]; model.trigger('add', model, this, options); } if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options); if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length || toMerge.length) { options.changes = { added: toAdd, removed: toRemove, merged: toMerge }; this.trigger('update', this, options); } } // Return the added (or merged) model (or models). return singular ? models[0] : models; }, // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually, // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished. // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations. reset: function(models, options) { options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) { this._removeReference(this.models[i], options); } options.previousModels = this.models; this._reset(); models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options)); if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options); return models; }, // Add a model to the end of the collection. push: function(model, options) { return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options)); }, // Remove a model from the end of the collection. pop: function(options) { var model = this.at(this.length - 1); return this.remove(model, options); }, // Add a model to the beginning of the collection. unshift: function(model, options) { return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options)); }, // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection. shift: function(options) { var model = this.at(0); return this.remove(model, options); }, // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection. slice: function() { return slice.apply(this.models, arguments); }, // Get a model from the set by id, cid, model object with id or cid // properties, or an attributes object that is transformed through modelId. get: function(obj) { if (obj == null) return void 0; return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[this.modelId(this._isModel(obj) ? obj.attributes : obj, obj.idAttribute)] || obj.cid && this._byId[obj.cid]; }, // Returns `true` if the model is in the collection. has: function(obj) { return this.get(obj) != null; }, // Get the model at the given index. at: function(index) { if (index < 0) index += this.length; return this.models[index]; }, // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of // `filter`. where: function(attrs, first) { return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs); }, // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases // of `find`. findWhere: function(attrs) { return this.where(attrs, true); }, // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item // is added. sort: function(options) { var comparator = this.comparator; if (!comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator'); options || (options = {}); var length = comparator.length; if (_.isFunction(comparator)) comparator = comparator.bind(this); // Run sort based on type of `comparator`. if (length === 1 || _.isString(comparator)) { this.models = this.sortBy(comparator); } else { this.models.sort(comparator); } if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options); return this; }, // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection. pluck: function(attr) { return this.map(attr + ''); }, // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`. fetch: function(options) { options = _.extend({parse: true}, options); var success = options.success; var collection = this; options.success = function(resp) { var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set'; collection[method](resp, options); if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options); collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options); }; wrapError(this, options); return this.sync('read', this, options); }, // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we // wait for the server to agree. create: function(model, options) { options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; var wait = options.wait; model = this._prepareModel(model, options); if (!model) return false; if (!wait) this.add(model, options); var collection = this; var success = options.success; options.success = function(m, resp, callbackOpts) { if (wait) { m.off('error', collection._forwardPristineError, collection); collection.add(m, callbackOpts); } if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, m, resp, callbackOpts); }; // In case of wait:true, our collection is not listening to any // of the model's events yet, so it will not forward the error // event. In this special case, we need to listen for it // separately and handle the event just once. // (The reason we don't need to do this for the sync event is // in the success handler above: we add the model first, which // causes the collection to listen, and then invoke the callback // that triggers the event.) if (wait) { model.once('error', this._forwardPristineError, this); } model.save(null, options); return model; }, // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through. parse: function(resp, options) { return resp; }, // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one. clone: function() { return new this.constructor(this.models, { model: this.model, comparator: this.comparator }); }, // Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection. modelId: function(attrs, idAttribute) { return attrs[idAttribute || this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id']; }, // Get an iterator of all models in this collection. values: function() { return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_VALUES); }, // Get an iterator of all model IDs in this collection. keys: function() { return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_KEYS); }, // Get an iterator of all [ID, model] tuples in this collection. entries: function() { return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES); }, // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection // is first initialized or reset. _reset: function() { this.length = 0; this.models = []; this._byId = {}; }, // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this // collection. _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) { if (this._isModel(attrs)) { if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this; return attrs; } options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; options.collection = this; var model; if (this.model.prototype) { model = new this.model(attrs, options); } else { // ES class methods didn't have prototype model = this.model(attrs, options); } if (!model.validationError) return model; this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options); return false; }, // Internal method called by both remove and set. _removeModels: function(models, options) { var removed = []; for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) { var model = this.get(models[i]); if (!model) continue; var index = this.indexOf(model); this.models.splice(index, 1); this.length--; // Remove references before triggering 'remove' event to prevent an // infinite loop. #3693 delete this._byId[model.cid]; var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute); if (id != null) delete this._byId[id]; if (!options.silent) { options.index = index; model.trigger('remove', model, this, options); } removed.push(model); this._removeReference(model, options); } if (models.length > 0 && !options.silent) delete options.index; return removed; }, // Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for // the purposes of adding to the collection. _isModel: function(model) { return model instanceof Model; }, // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection. _addReference: function(model, options) { this._byId[model.cid] = model; var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute); if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model; model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this); }, // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection. _removeReference: function(model, options) { delete this._byId[model.cid]; var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute); if (id != null) delete this._byId[id]; if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection; model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this); }, // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event. // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate // in other collections are ignored. _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) { if (model) { if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return; if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options); if (event === 'changeId') { var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes(), model.idAttribute); var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute); if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId]; if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model; } } this.trigger.apply(this, arguments); }, // Internal callback method used in `create`. It serves as a // stand-in for the `_onModelEvent` method, which is not yet bound // during the `wait` period of the `create` call. We still want to // forward any `'error'` event at the end of the `wait` period, // hence a customized callback. _forwardPristineError: function(model, collection, options) { // Prevent double forward if the model was already in the // collection before the call to `create`. if (this.has(model)) return; this._onModelEvent('error', model, collection, options); } }); // Defining an @@iterator method implements JavaScript's Iterable protocol. // In modern ES2015 browsers, this value is found at Symbol.iterator. /* global Symbol */ var $$iterator = typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.iterator; if ($$iterator) { Collection.prototype[$$iterator] = Collection.prototype.values; } // CollectionIterator // ------------------ // A CollectionIterator implements JavaScript's Iterator protocol, allowing the // use of `for of` loops in modern browsers and interoperation between // Backbone.Collection and other JavaScript functions and third-party libraries // which can operate on Iterables. var CollectionIterator = function(collection, kind) { this._collection = collection; this._kind = kind; this._index = 0; }; // This "enum" defines the three possible kinds of values which can be emitted // by a CollectionIterator that correspond to the values(), keys() and entries() // methods on Collection, respectively. var ITERATOR_VALUES = 1; var ITERATOR_KEYS = 2; var ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES = 3; // All Iterators should themselves be Iterable. if ($$iterator) { CollectionIterator.prototype[$$iterator] = function() { return this; }; } CollectionIterator.prototype.next = function() { if (this._collection) { // Only continue iterating if the iterated collection is long enough. if (this._index < this._collection.length) { var model = this._collection.at(this._index); this._index++; // Construct a value depending on what kind of values should be iterated. var value; if (this._kind === ITERATOR_VALUES) { value = model; } else { var id = this._collection.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute); if (this._kind === ITERATOR_KEYS) { value = id; } else { // ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES value = [id, model]; } } return {value: value, done: false}; } // Once exhausted, remove the reference to the collection so future // calls to the next method always return done. this._collection = void 0; } return {value: void 0, done: true}; }; // Backbone.View // ------------- // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to // react to specific changes in the state of your models. // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM, // if an existing element is not provided... var View = Backbone.View = function(options) { this.cid = _.uniqueId('view'); this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments); _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions)); this._ensureElement(); this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); }; // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`. var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/; // List of view options to be set as properties. var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events']; // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods. _.extend(View.prototype, Events, { // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`. tagName: 'div', // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible. $: function(selector) { return this.$el.find(selector); }, // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function // or object. preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the View preinitialize: function(){}, // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own // initialization logic. initialize: function(){}, // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The // convention is for **render** to always return `this`. render: function() { return this; }, // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any // applicable Backbone.Events listeners. remove: function() { this._removeElement(); this.stopListening(); return this; }, // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM // manipulation API. _removeElement: function() { this.$el.remove(); }, // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the // view's events on the new element. setElement: function(element) { this.undelegateEvents(); this._setElement(element); this.delegateEvents(); return this; }, // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the // given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery // context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an // alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the // `this.el` property. _setElement: function(el) { this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el); this.el = this.$el[0]; }, // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of // // *{"event selector": "callback"}* // // { // 'mousedown .title': 'edit', // 'click .button': 'save', // 'click .open': function(e) { ... } // } // // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly. // Uses event delegation for efficiency. // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`. delegateEvents: function(events) { events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')); if (!events) return this; this.undelegateEvents(); for (var key in events) { var method = events[key]; if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method]; if (!method) continue; var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter); this.delegate(match[1], match[2], method.bind(this)); } return this; }, // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer. delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) { this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener); return this; }, // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`. // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element. undelegateEvents: function() { if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid); return this; }, // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event. // `selector` and `listener` are both optional. undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) { this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener); return this; }, // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API. _createElement: function(tagName) { return document.createElement(tagName); }, // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into. // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties. _ensureElement: function() { if (!this.el) { var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes')); if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id'); if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className'); this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName'))); this._setAttributes(attrs); } else { this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el')); } }, // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element. Exposed for // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API. _setAttributes: function(attributes) { this.$el.attr(attributes); } }); // Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's // `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes. // // collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 }); // collection.each(this.addView); // // `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it. var addMethod = function(base, length, method, attribute) { switch (length) { case 1: return function() { return base[method](this[attribute]); }; case 2: return function(value) { return base[method](this[attribute], value); }; case 3: return function(iteratee, context) { return base[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context); }; case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) { return base[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), defaultVal, context); }; default: return function() { var args = slice.call(arguments); args.unshift(this[attribute]); return base[method].apply(base, args); }; } }; var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, base, methods, attribute) { _.each(methods, function(length, method) { if (base[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(base, length, method, attribute); }); }; // Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`. var cb = function(iteratee, instance) { if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee; if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee); if (_.isString(iteratee)) return function(model) { return model.get(iteratee); }; return iteratee; }; var modelMatcher = function(attrs) { var matcher = _.matches(attrs); return function(model) { return matcher(model.attributes); }; }; // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection. // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented // right here: var collectionMethods = {forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 0, foldl: 0, inject: 0, reduceRight: 0, foldr: 0, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3, select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3, contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3, head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3, without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3, isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3, sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3, findIndex: 3, findLastIndex: 3}; // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the // number of arguments they take. var modelMethods = {keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0, omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1}; // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`. _.each([ [Collection, collectionMethods, 'models'], [Model, modelMethods, 'attributes'] ], function(config) { var Base = config[0], methods = config[1], attribute = config[2]; Base.mixin = function(obj) { var mappings = _.reduce(_.functions(obj), function(memo, name) { memo[name] = 0; return memo; }, {}); addUnderscoreMethods(Base, obj, mappings, attribute); }; addUnderscoreMethods(Base, _, methods, attribute); }); // Backbone.sync // ------------- // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be: // // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request. // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON. // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax. // // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method, // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`. // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests. Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) { var type = methodMap[method]; // Default options, unless specified. _.defaults(options || (options = {}), { emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP, emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON }); // Default JSON-request options. var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'}; // Ensure that we have a URL. if (!options.url) { params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError(); } // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data. if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) { params.contentType = 'application/json'; params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options)); } // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form. if (options.emulateJSON) { params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {}; } // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method` // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header. if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) { params.type = 'POST'; if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type; var beforeSend = options.beforeSend; options.beforeSend = function(xhr) { xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type); if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments); }; } // Don't process data on a non-GET request. if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) { params.processData = false; } // Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery. var error = options.error; options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) { options.textStatus = textStatus; options.errorThrown = errorThrown; if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown); }; // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options. var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options)); model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options); return xhr; }; // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation. var methodMap = { 'create': 'POST', 'update': 'PUT', 'patch': 'PATCH', 'delete': 'DELETE', 'read': 'GET' }; // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`. // Override this if you'd like to use a different library. Backbone.ajax = function() { return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments); }; // Backbone.Router // --------------- // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically. var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) { options || (options = {}); this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments); if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes; this._bindRoutes(); this.initialize.apply(this, arguments); }; // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted // parts of route strings. var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g; var namedParam = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g; var splatParam = /\*\w+/g; var escapeRegExp = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g; // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods. _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, { // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function // or object. preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Router. preinitialize: function(){}, // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own // initialization logic. initialize: function(){}, // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example: // // this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) { // ... // }); // route: function(route, name, callback) { if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route); if (_.isFunction(name)) { callback = name; name = ''; } if (!callback) callback = this[name]; var router = this; Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) { var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment); if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) { router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args)); router.trigger('route', name, args); Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args); } }); return this; }, // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters. This is an // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup. execute: function(callback, args, name) { if (callback) callback.apply(this, args); }, // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history. navigate: function(fragment, options) { Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options); return this; }, // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map. _bindRoutes: function() { if (!this.routes) return; this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes'); var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes); while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) { this.route(route, this.routes[route]); } }, // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching // against the current location hash. _routeToRegExp: function(route) { route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&') .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?') .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) { return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)'; }) .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)'); return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$'); }, // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior. _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) { var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1); return _.map(params, function(param, i) { // Don't decode the search params. if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null; return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null; }); } }); // Backbone.History // ---------------- // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange) // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch), // falls back to polling. var History = Backbone.History = function() { this.handlers = []; this.checkUrl = this.checkUrl.bind(this); // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser. if (typeof window !== 'undefined') { this.location = window.location; this.history = window.history; } }; // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space. var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g; // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes. var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g; // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash. var pathStripper = /#.*$/; // Has the history handling already been started? History.started = false; // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods. _.extend(History.prototype, Events, { // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is // twenty times a second. interval: 50, // Are we at the app root? atRoot: function() { var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/'); return path === this.root && !this.getSearch(); }, // Does the pathname match the root? matchRoot: function() { var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname); var rootPath = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/'; return rootPath === this.root; }, // Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're // decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part // of an encoded parameter. decodeFragment: function(fragment) { return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525')); }, // In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the // fragment contains `?`. getSearch: function() { var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/); return match ? match[0] : ''; }, // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded. getHash: function(window) { var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/); return match ? match[1] : ''; }, // Get the pathname and search params, without the root. getPath: function() { var path = this.decodeFragment( this.location.pathname + this.getSearch() ).slice(this.root.length - 1); return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path; }, // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash. getFragment: function(fragment) { if (fragment == null) { if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) { fragment = this.getPath(); } else { fragment = this.getHash(); } } return fragment.replace(routeStripper, ''); }, // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches // an existing route, and `false` otherwise. start: function(options) { if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started'); History.started = true; // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe? // Is pushState desired ... is it available? this.options = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options); this.root = this.options.root; this._trailingSlash = this.options.trailingSlash; this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false; this._hasHashChange = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7); this._useHashChange = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange; this._wantsPushState = !!this.options.pushState; this._hasPushState = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState); this._usePushState = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState; this.fragment = this.getFragment(); // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash. this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/'); // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are // requested. if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) { // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it... if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) { var rootPath = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/'; this.location.replace(rootPath + '#' + this.getPath()); // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url return true; // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead... } else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) { this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true}); } } // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants // `hashChange` but not `pushState`. if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) { this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe'); this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0'; this.iframe.style.display = 'none'; this.iframe.tabIndex = -1; var body = document.body; // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready. var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow; iWindow.document.open(); iWindow.document.close(); iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment; } // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers. var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function(eventName, listener) { return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener); }; // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state. if (this._usePushState) { addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false); } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) { addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false); } else if (this._wantsHashChange) { this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval); } if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl(); }, // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app, // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers. stop: function() { // Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers. var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function(eventName, listener) { return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener); }; // Remove window listeners. if (this._usePushState) { removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false); } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) { removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false); } // Clean up the iframe if necessary. if (this.iframe) { document.body.removeChild(this.iframe); this.iframe = null; } // Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval. if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval); History.started = false; }, // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later // may override previous routes. route: function(route, callback) { this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback}); }, // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has, // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe. checkUrl: function(e) { var current = this.getFragment(); // If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have // changed and we should use that for comparison. if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) { current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow); } if (current === this.fragment) { if (!this.matchRoot()) return this.notfound(); return false; } if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current); this.loadUrl(); }, // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment, // returns `false`. loadUrl: function(fragment) { // If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either. if (!this.matchRoot()) return this.notfound(); fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment); return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) { if (handler.route.test(fragment)) { handler.callback(fragment); return true; } }) || this.notfound(); }, // When no route could be matched, this method is called internally to // trigger the `'notfound'` event. It returns `false` so that it can be used // in tail position. notfound: function() { this.trigger('notfound'); return false; }, // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding // the fragment in advance. // // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history. navigate: function(fragment, options) { if (!History.started) return false; if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options}; // Normalize the fragment. fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || ''); // Strip trailing slash on the root unless _trailingSlash is true var rootPath = this.root; if (!this._trailingSlash && (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?')) { rootPath = rootPath.slice(0, -1) || '/'; } var url = rootPath + fragment; // Strip the fragment of the query and hash for matching. fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, ''); // Decode for matching. var decodedFragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment); if (this.fragment === decodedFragment) return; this.fragment = decodedFragment; // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL. if (this._usePushState) { this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url); // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash // fragment to store history. } else if (this._wantsHashChange) { this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace); if (this.iframe && fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow)) { var iWindow = this.iframe.contentWindow; // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a // history entry on hash-tag change. When replace is true, we don't // want this. if (!options.replace) { iWindow.document.open(); iWindow.document.close(); } this._updateHash(iWindow.location, fragment, options.replace); } // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange- // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh. } else { return this.location.assign(url); } if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment); }, // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding // a new one to the browser history. _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) { if (replace) { var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, ''); location.replace(href + '#' + fragment); } else { // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #. location.hash = '#' + fragment; } } }); // Create the default Backbone.history. Backbone.history = new History; // Helpers // ------- // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses. // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and // class properties to be extended. var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) { var parent = this; var child; // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted // by us to simply call the parent constructor. if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) { child = protoProps.constructor; } else { child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); }; } // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied. _.extend(child, parent, staticProps); // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling // `parent`'s constructor function and add the prototype properties. child.prototype = _.create(parent.prototype, protoProps); child.prototype.constructor = child; // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed // later. child.__super__ = parent.prototype; return child; }; // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history. Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend; // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied. var urlError = function() { throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified'); }; // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event. var wrapError = function(model, options) { var error = options.error; options.error = function(resp) { if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options); model.trigger('error', model, resp, options); }; }; // Provide useful information when things go wrong. This method is not meant // to be used directly; it merely provides the necessary introspection for the // external `debugInfo` function. Backbone._debug = function() { return {root: root, _: _}; }; return Backbone; });

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